Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD): A Deadly Virus That Affects Rabbits
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is a highly contagious and often fatal virus that affects rabbits worldwide, including wild, pet, and farmed populations. First identified in China in 1984, it quickly spread to Europe and is now found in most parts of the world.
What Causes RHD?
RHD is caused by a calicivirus, with two main strains:
RHD-1: More severe but mainly affects rabbits older than 8–10 weeks.
RHD-2: Less deadly overall but infects rabbits of all ages, including very young ones.
How Does RHD Spread?
The virus spreads through direct contact with infected rabbits or indirectly through contaminated food, water, bedding, or surfaces. It can also be carried by:
Insects (flies, fleas, and mosquitoes)
Birds (on their feet or droppings)
Wind (carrying tiny virus particles)
Humans, pets, or objects (shoes, clothes, hands)
The virus is extremely tough and can survive in the environment for months, even in high temperatures.
Signs of RHD Infection
Symptoms depend on how severe the infection is:
Peracute (Sudden Death): No warning signs; the rabbit dies suddenly.
Acute (Fast-Acting Disease): Fever, difficulty breathing, bleeding from the nose, weakness, and sudden death within 12–36 hours.
Chronic (Longer Illness): Weight loss, jaundice (yellow skin), tiredness, and death in 1–2 weeks due to liver failure.
How is RHD Diagnosed?
RHD is difficult to diagnose before death because symptoms are often sudden and severe. A post-mortem examination is usually needed to confirm the disease.
How to Protect Rabbits from RHD
Preventing RHD is crucial, as treatment is not effective. Here’s what you can do:
✔ Vaccination: The most effective protection. A combined vaccine is available that protects against both RHD-1, RHD-2, and myxomatosis. Rabbits need annual boosters to stay protected.
✔ Hygiene & Biosecurity:
Keep hutches and cages clean.
Prevent contact with wild rabbits and rodents.
Don’t feed rabbits grass or vegetables from areas where wild rabbits live.
Wash hands and change clothes after handling other rabbits.
✔ Limit Exposure:
Keep indoor rabbits protected – they are still at risk.
Avoid rabbit shows or gatherings if there is an outbreak.
Is RHD Dangerous to Humans?
No, RHD only affects rabbits and does not spread to humans or other pets.
Final Thoughts
RHD is a deadly but preventable disease. Vaccination and good hygiene are the best ways to protect your rabbits. If you own rabbits, talk to your vet about getting them vaccinated to keep them safe.
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